Clinical Research Programs in Co-viral and Viral Infections There are 13 co-viral and viral studies. There are 4 hepatitis, 4 human papilloma virus (HPV), 4 influenza, and 1 cytomegalovirus (CMV) studies of which 2 has been completed (HPV and CMV studies). From the 4 hepatitis studies, 2 are cohort studies for HBV and 1 is an HCV study. Our hepatitis cohort is one of the largest in the world. Other coinfections studies are currently in the pipeline awaiting for funding and/or IRB approval. Hepatitis co-infection, both HBV and HCV, continues to be one of the leading causes of death among HIV infected patients worldwide despite having available and adequate treatment for HBV whereas for HCV, treatment continues to remain elusive. Furthermore, hepatitis co-infection with HIV accelerates the disease progression. Because of this, HIV patients are also screened for hepatitis and vice versa. Monitoring disease progression by noninvasive technique such as fibroscan has shown high promise and is currently being used in several of our hepatitis/fibrosis studies and substudies. On the other hand, with an increase in cervical and anal cancer among HIV-infected patients, more attention is now also given to HPV. As a result of this, both HIV-infected men and women are recommended to have anal pap smear and pap smears once per year regardless whether the previous result was normal. In Thailand, the TRC-ARC is the only place that offers this new screening tool anal pap smear.