Pharmacokinetic Studies There are 6 pharmacokinetic studies, 3 of which are done in children and 2 in adolescents. All of the pediatric pharmacokinetic (PK) studies are ongoing. One adult pharmacokinetic study was completed in 2012. The manuscript for this study was drafted at the time this annual report was published (December 2012).“HIV-NAT is a pioneer in studying PK of antiretrovirals in Thai patients. HIV-NAT’s studies have shed light on the uniqueness in PK and pharmacogenomic profile of Asians. HIV-NAT studies have consistently shown that Thais have high NNRTI and PI drug concentrations compared to those reported in Caucasians. This has led to changes in the Thai national guideline to use lower than manufacturer-recommended dosages for several antiretroviral drugs.Using low dose antiretrovirals could lead to reduce side effects and cost; an important consideration for resource-limited settings such as Thailand. ”– Sasiwimol Ubolyam